![]() “Printing food” is merely the controlled deposition of an ingredient as such, any ingredient that was extruded as a paste (e.g. Many commonly consumed foods in the grocery store underwent some type of extrusion during their manufacturing process. Aside from a handful of companies in the food printing space, other innovators and chefs alike are developing bread-making bots 17, salad assembly machines 18, pizza-making robots 19, 20, plant-based meat 3D-printers 21, multi-ingredient food assembly machines 10, pasta printers 22, automated cake decorators 23, personalized vitamin gummies 24, and other software-controlled heating appliances 25, 26, 27, 28. Food printing involves a roboticized system that deposits food pastes, powders, and liquids in a precise spatial arrangement, according to a digital blueprint. The first commercially available chocolate printer was launched in 2012 15 and NASA has explored the printing of food for space travel 16. AM in food production began in 2007 9 and has since been explored by academia 10 and industry 11, 12, 13, 14. Though laser cooking can function as a standalone technology, its particularly well-suited for food additive manufacturing (AM) because of its high resolution and penetrative heat qualities 5. ![]() Being that lasers are a fairly new application in the food domain 8, more formal regulations would need to be implemented for more widespread use. Heat from a laser can also be modulated to a much higher degree than other heating appliances by adjusting the power, speed, wavelength, and beam intensity. As a means of comparison, lasers cook food by radiation heat transfer, microwaves also cook by radiation (by exciting water molecules), ovens cook food principally by convection (by circulating hot air)-this excludes broiling which uses infrared radiation-and foods are cooked on a stovetop via conduction (heat from a pan) 7. Contrary to oven broiling, however, lasers can operate at various visible and non-visible wavelengths providing different cooking modalities 5, 6. The heating type and resolution of laser cooking is most akin to broiling in the oven with the resolution of a creme brulee torch, respectively. Over the past decade there has been an insurgence of devices that automate various cooking and preparatory kitchen tasks through the use of software one of which is cooking via laser. ![]() These appliances also operate by heating an entire area by some uniform amount, which can lead to heating inefficiencies 4. Most of the cooking appliances currently in popular use, including cooktops, ovens, and microwaves, are analog devices requiring varying levels of manual involvement. Today 3D food printing is still in its infancy, but may grow in popularity due to its customizability, convenience and other benefits that behoove the consumer. However, the study of other potential uses is rapidly growing to include 3D printing of customized medicines 2 and even human organs 3. Three-dimensional printing technology, which originally emerged in the 1980s 1, was created to print different types of materials including plastic, metal, rubber, and concrete. ![]() Digital cooking technologies allow an end consumer to take more control of the macro and micro nutrients that they consume on a per meal basis and due to the rapid growth and potential benefits of 3D technology advancements, a 3D printer may become a staple home and industrial cooking device.įood printing is a process for producing physical, three-dimensional food products based on a computer model. With more emphasis on food safety following COVID-19, food prepared with less human handling may lower the risk of foodborne illness and disease transmission. Using software to combine and cook ingredients allows a chef to more easily control the nutrient content of a meal, which could lead to healthier and more customized meals. Food printing is an application of additive manufacturing that utilizes user-generated models to construct 3D shapes from edible food inks and laser cooking uses high-energy targeted light for high-resolution tailored heating. With the continual evolution of digital technologies, however, laser cooking and 3D food printing may present nutritious, convenient and cost-effective cooking opportunities. To date, analog methods of cooking such as by grills, cooktops, stoves and microwaves have remained the world’s predominant cooking modalities.
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